How much time do students spend studying?

The 2019 engagement survey by AdvanceHE records a decline since 2016 in the proportion of students spending 11 hours or more per week in taught classes and/or independent learning; the taught study declining by 4% this year to 46% and independent learning falling by 3% to 44%.  At the same time outside work hours and part time jobs have increased.

There is also a startling fact that  while black students report the highest levels of engagement and participation at 65% this is not reflected in their final exam results which are often less than other groups.